摘 要
隨著船舶電力系統(tǒng)規(guī)模的日益擴(kuò)大，各種非線性電力電子設(shè)備被廣泛投入到使用，這些設(shè)備的使用在提高生產(chǎn)效率的同時，也帶來了一系列的電能質(zhì)量問題，使得船舶電力系統(tǒng)供電質(zhì)量惡化。近年來，由于電能質(zhì)量惡化而引起的各種故障和事故不斷發(fā)生，嚴(yán)重威脅到船舶的安全、經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行，因此，實時檢測和分析船舶電力系統(tǒng)的電能質(zhì)量，進(jìn)而采取有效措施最大限度地抑制其影響，對保障船舶安全運(yùn)行是非常有必要的。
本文設(shè)計了一種基于DSP（數(shù)字信號處理器）的適合用于船舶環(huán)境下的電能質(zhì)量實時檢測系統(tǒng)，利用DSP芯片強(qiáng)大的計算功能進(jìn)行多項電能質(zhì)量指標(biāo)的在線檢測，實時顯示測量數(shù)據(jù)，為船舶電力系統(tǒng)電能質(zhì)量的測評提供可靠的依據(jù)。
首先論述了船舶電力系統(tǒng)電能質(zhì)量問題產(chǎn)生的原因，回顧了國內(nèi)外在這個領(lǐng)域的研究現(xiàn)狀，簡單介紹了市面上現(xiàn)有的電能質(zhì)量檢測裝置所存在的問題，接著較為詳細(xì)的論述了船舶電能質(zhì)量的各項指標(biāo)及其國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，從相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)入手，研究了各種檢測算法并進(jìn)行仿真分析，然后討論了適用于船舶環(huán)境的檢測系統(tǒng)的軟硬件設(shè)計，硬件設(shè)計包括有互感電路、濾波電路、信號調(diào)理電路、A/D采樣電路、CAN通信接口電路等，軟件設(shè)計包括有程序的初始化、A/D采樣程序、數(shù)據(jù)處理算法程序、CAN通信接口程序等?？紤]到船舶電網(wǎng)和陸上電網(wǎng)的不同點(diǎn)，著重加強(qiáng)了系統(tǒng)的抗干擾設(shè)計和數(shù)據(jù)通信穩(wěn)定性的設(shè)計，最后在船舶電站實驗室進(jìn)行軟硬件聯(lián)調(diào)測試，獲得測試結(jié)果。
為了保證測量精度，實現(xiàn)預(yù)期功能，本文做了如下關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的研究：針對諧波檢測，由于船舶電力系統(tǒng)的強(qiáng)噪聲特性使得同步采樣難以實現(xiàn)，而傳統(tǒng)的傅里葉變換(FFT)在非同步采樣下容易出現(xiàn)頻譜泄露和柵欄效應(yīng)，因此采用加窗插值來修正，即加Blackman-Harris窗函數(shù)來解決頻譜泄露問題，通過雙峰譜線插值來消除柵欄效應(yīng)帶來的誤差，特別的，針對相位誤差偏大的問題，采用全相位傅里葉變換(APFFT)實現(xiàn)相位零誤差，大大提高了諧波計算的精度。針對電壓波動和閃變的檢測，采用IEC推薦的閃變儀模型，經(jīng)過反復(fù)試驗修正濾波器的參數(shù)，改良后的濾波器檢測精度明顯提高。本系統(tǒng)為了更好的適應(yīng)船舶工業(yè)環(huán)境，保證實時性要求，采用了高效率與高可靠性的CAN總線作為其通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)，很好的實現(xiàn)了下位機(jī)和上位機(jī)之間的數(shù)據(jù)實時通信。
實驗表明，本電能質(zhì)量檢測系統(tǒng)具有很高的測量精度，通信穩(wěn)定、可靠，有良好的應(yīng)用前景。

關(guān)鍵詞 船舶電力系統(tǒng)；電能質(zhì)量；傅里葉變換；加窗插值；全相位傅里葉變換



Abstract
With the continuous development of ships’ power system, various kinds of the nonlinear power electronic devices have been widely put into use. On one hand, they have greatly enhanced the productivity undoubtedly; On the other hand, they have brought in a series of power quality problems, even done great harm to power quality of the applied shipboard power system. By now, many faults and accidents continue to occur caused by the deterioration of the power quality; these problems have already threatened the ships’ safe and economic operation seriously. As a result, to maximize the impact of inhibition, real-time measurement and analysis of the shipboard power quality is very important, and it is essential to the safe operation of the shipboard power system.
The thesis deals mainly with a power quality detection system which based on DSP (Digital Signal Processor) and suited for shipboard environment. With the powerful computing function chip, the system can detect number of power quality indicates online, display real-time measured data. So it can provide accurate proof in testing shipboard power quality.
Firstly, discussed the reasons to causing the problems of power quality in shipboard power system, reviewed the development course in this field by foreign and domestic, and then introduced the existed problems of the power quality test device on the market. Summarized the indicators of shipboard power system’s power quality and its national standards in more detail, from the standards, researched a variety of detection algorithm and simulation. In the following, discussed the software and hardware design which was suited for the shipboard environment, the hardware design includes mutual inductance circuit, filter circuit, signal conditioning circuit, A/D sampling circuit and CAN communication interface circuit. The software design includes the initialization program, A/D sampling program, data processing algorithm program and CAN communication interface program. Taking into account the differences between the ship power grid and land power grid, this system focused on strengthening the anti-jamming design and the data stability transmission design. Finally, overall debugging and acquired the data.
To ensure accuracy and achieve the desired function, this theory made the following key technologies: For the characteristics extra noise of the ship electric power system, it is almost impossible to achieve synchronous sampling, and it is easy to bring in the frequency spectrum leaks and fence effect when traditional FFT algorithm is adopted to analyze in non-synchronous sampling. Aimed at those problems, the thesis used the window function and the interpolation to modify, that is, added the Blackman-Harris window to solve the problem of spectral leakage, and used the double peak of spectral lines interpolation to eliminate the error by the fence effect. Particularly, aimed at the problem of the overlarge phase ..