庫爾勒香梨樹光能利用效率及宿萼果和粗皮果形成因子的研究.doc
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庫爾勒香梨樹光能利用效率及宿萼果和粗皮果形成因子的研究,摘 要庫爾勒香梨(pyrus brestschneideri rehd.)屬薔薇科(rosaceae)梨亞科(pomaceae)梨屬中的白梨系統(tǒng),是新疆三大名優(yōu)特產(chǎn)之一。隨著新疆林果業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展,庫爾勒香梨栽培面積也不斷擴大,產(chǎn)量大幅度提高,但果實品質(zhì)有所下降,宿萼...
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庫爾勒香梨樹光能利用效率及宿萼果和粗皮果形成因子的研究
摘 要
庫爾勒香梨(Pyrus brestschneideri Rehd.)屬薔薇科(Rosaceae)梨亞科(Pomaceae)梨屬中的白梨系統(tǒng),是新疆三大名優(yōu)特產(chǎn)之一。隨著新疆林果業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展,庫爾勒香梨栽培面積也不斷擴大,產(chǎn)量大幅度提高,但果實品質(zhì)有所下降,宿萼果、粗皮果,逐年增多,而且產(chǎn)量的增加基本上依靠大量使用的化肥和農(nóng)藥,增產(chǎn)措施中果園管理水平改善所占的比例很低,嚴重影響了庫爾勒香梨在國際水果市場中的爭競力。本研究以庫爾勒香梨為研究對象,對開心形和疏散分層形進行光能利用效率的比較,篩選科學(xué)合理的樹形和葉果比,并樹體光照分布與宿/脫萼果和粗皮果等果實品質(zhì)的相關(guān)性進行分析,提出相應(yīng)的內(nèi)外在原因。主要試驗結(jié)果如下:
1 全光與遮蔭下庫爾勒香梨葉片的光合特性有所差異。與全光下的葉片相比,遮蔭下的葉片具有高葉綠素SPAD值(值分別為43.68、45.13)、低光飽和點(分別為1404 μmol.m-2.s-1、260 μmol.m-2.s-1),高表觀量子產(chǎn)量效率(AQY分別為0.0405、0.124)、低氣孔導(dǎo)度、低蒸騰速率、低光合速率和高胞間CO2濃度、高光化學(xué)量子產(chǎn)量、實際光化學(xué)量子產(chǎn)量、電子傳遞速率及較低的非光化學(xué)猝滅系數(shù)等特性。
2 全光下的果實縱橫徑和單果重均極顯著大于遮光下的果實,而光照條件對果形指數(shù)無明顯影響。全光下的果實可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量均明顯高于遮光下的果實,而可滴定酸含量極顯著低于遮光下的果實。全光下果實呈現(xiàn)淡紅色,而遮光下的果實呈現(xiàn)綠色,全光下的果實光澤度比遮光下的果實較低,黃色程度較淡。光照條件對庫爾勒香梨果實的硬度、含水量和Vc含量均無顯著影響,而全光下的果實石細胞含量極顯著高于遮光下的果實。
3 兩種樹形的葉綠素含量之間沒有顯著差異,值范圍均為17 mg·cm-2~41 mg·cm-2。庫爾勒香樹的凈光合速率日變化趨勢因由氣孔因素所造成的光抑制現(xiàn)象表現(xiàn)出雙峰曲線,光合有效輻射超過光飽和點是導(dǎo)致“光午休現(xiàn)象”的主要原因。兩種樹形光合有效面積理論值的日變化趨勢基本相似,其中疏散分層形樹的光合有效面積始終大于開心形樹,平均值分別為23.8 m2、21.6 m2。葉果比分析中,葉片光合有效葉綠素含量與果實重量的相關(guān)性系數(shù)最高。
4 樹形對庫爾勒香梨花序花量的影響不明顯,而不同樹齡庫爾勒香梨樹的花序花量有明顯差異,12、23、47年生庫爾勒香梨樹的花序花量分別以4朵、7朵、6朵為主。不同樹齡疏散分層形樹的花數(shù)量和花量分布密度均高于開心形樹,其中23年生樹的差異最大,47年生樹的差異最小。不同樹齡疏散分層形樹的座果率和果實分布密度也均明顯高于開心形,尤其是12、23年生疏散分層形樹的果實分布密度比開心形樹高幾倍到幾十倍,而47年生樹的差異不太明顯。
5 人工授粉明顯提高庫爾勒香梨的座果率,但萼片脫落與人工授粉之間沒有直接關(guān)系。在宏觀上,萼片脫落主要與樹勢有關(guān),營養(yǎng)生長較弱的庫爾勒香梨樹萼片脫落率較高;遮蔭下的葉片C/N顯著低于全光下葉片。在萼片離層形成期,庫爾勒香梨幼果萼端與萼片中的植物激素含量有所差異。與果實萼端相比,在脫萼果萼片中有較高的脫落酸、較低的生長素和赤霉素含量,宿萼果則相反。到6月份之前庫爾勒香梨宿萼果的萼片從環(huán)帶區(qū)下面剪除對宿萼果變成脫萼果有一定的效果。
6 粗皮果相關(guān)因子調(diào)查得知,粗皮果中花序全花都粗皮果的百分率為100%,而與光照強度強弱之間的相關(guān)性不顯著。與正常果和其鄰葉相比,粗皮果和其鄰葉中的K+、Mg2+、Fe2+、Zn2+含量的差異不顯著,而粗皮果中的Na+和鄰葉中的Ca2+含量明顯低于正常果和鄰葉。
關(guān)鍵詞:庫爾勒香梨;光能利用效率;宿萼果;脫萼果;粗皮果;果實品質(zhì)
Study on Light Use Efficiency and Related Factors with Calyx Fruit and Rough Fruit of Korla Fragrant Pear Tree
Abstract
Korla fragrant pear (Pyrus brestschneideri Rehd.) is belonging to Rosaceae, Pomaceae, Pyrus, is one famous special product among three special product of Xinjiang. With developing of fruit industry in Xinjiang, cultivating area and yield of Korla fragrant pear has been enlarged obviously. Meanwhile, the deterioration of fruit quality such as calyx fruit and rough pear has been increased gradually, and the increasing of fruit yield has basically depended on frequently using of chemical fertilizer and pesticides, the lowest proportion of improvement on orchard management level among stimulation measures has been influenced competition power of Korla fragrant pear in international fruit market. In this paper, Korla fragrant pear is used as experimental material, and the scientific best tree shape and leaf fruit ratio were filter out by comparing of the light use efficiency between open-center tree shape and evacuation layered tree shape, and proposed corresponding internal and external cause by analysing of the correlation between tree canopy light distribution with calyx or non-calyx pear and rough pear. Main results as follows:
1. Some significant difference was observed in photosynthetic characteristics between full-sunlight and shade leaves of Korla fragrant pear. With compared full-sunlight leaf, the shade leaves has been charactered by higher chlorophyll SPAD value (43.68, 45.13), lower light saturation (1404 μmol.m-2.s-1, 260 μmol.m-2.s-1), higher apparent quantum yield efficiency (0.0405、0.124), lower stomatal conductivity, lower transpiration rate, lower photosynthesis rate and higher intercellular CO2 concentration, Higher actual efficiency of PSⅡ photochemistry (ФPSⅡ), maximum quantum yield of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm) and electron transport rate (ETR) and lower non photochemical quenching coefficient.
2. The fruit longitudinal and transect diameter, average..
摘 要
庫爾勒香梨(Pyrus brestschneideri Rehd.)屬薔薇科(Rosaceae)梨亞科(Pomaceae)梨屬中的白梨系統(tǒng),是新疆三大名優(yōu)特產(chǎn)之一。隨著新疆林果業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展,庫爾勒香梨栽培面積也不斷擴大,產(chǎn)量大幅度提高,但果實品質(zhì)有所下降,宿萼果、粗皮果,逐年增多,而且產(chǎn)量的增加基本上依靠大量使用的化肥和農(nóng)藥,增產(chǎn)措施中果園管理水平改善所占的比例很低,嚴重影響了庫爾勒香梨在國際水果市場中的爭競力。本研究以庫爾勒香梨為研究對象,對開心形和疏散分層形進行光能利用效率的比較,篩選科學(xué)合理的樹形和葉果比,并樹體光照分布與宿/脫萼果和粗皮果等果實品質(zhì)的相關(guān)性進行分析,提出相應(yīng)的內(nèi)外在原因。主要試驗結(jié)果如下:
1 全光與遮蔭下庫爾勒香梨葉片的光合特性有所差異。與全光下的葉片相比,遮蔭下的葉片具有高葉綠素SPAD值(值分別為43.68、45.13)、低光飽和點(分別為1404 μmol.m-2.s-1、260 μmol.m-2.s-1),高表觀量子產(chǎn)量效率(AQY分別為0.0405、0.124)、低氣孔導(dǎo)度、低蒸騰速率、低光合速率和高胞間CO2濃度、高光化學(xué)量子產(chǎn)量、實際光化學(xué)量子產(chǎn)量、電子傳遞速率及較低的非光化學(xué)猝滅系數(shù)等特性。
2 全光下的果實縱橫徑和單果重均極顯著大于遮光下的果實,而光照條件對果形指數(shù)無明顯影響。全光下的果實可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量均明顯高于遮光下的果實,而可滴定酸含量極顯著低于遮光下的果實。全光下果實呈現(xiàn)淡紅色,而遮光下的果實呈現(xiàn)綠色,全光下的果實光澤度比遮光下的果實較低,黃色程度較淡。光照條件對庫爾勒香梨果實的硬度、含水量和Vc含量均無顯著影響,而全光下的果實石細胞含量極顯著高于遮光下的果實。
3 兩種樹形的葉綠素含量之間沒有顯著差異,值范圍均為17 mg·cm-2~41 mg·cm-2。庫爾勒香樹的凈光合速率日變化趨勢因由氣孔因素所造成的光抑制現(xiàn)象表現(xiàn)出雙峰曲線,光合有效輻射超過光飽和點是導(dǎo)致“光午休現(xiàn)象”的主要原因。兩種樹形光合有效面積理論值的日變化趨勢基本相似,其中疏散分層形樹的光合有效面積始終大于開心形樹,平均值分別為23.8 m2、21.6 m2。葉果比分析中,葉片光合有效葉綠素含量與果實重量的相關(guān)性系數(shù)最高。
4 樹形對庫爾勒香梨花序花量的影響不明顯,而不同樹齡庫爾勒香梨樹的花序花量有明顯差異,12、23、47年生庫爾勒香梨樹的花序花量分別以4朵、7朵、6朵為主。不同樹齡疏散分層形樹的花數(shù)量和花量分布密度均高于開心形樹,其中23年生樹的差異最大,47年生樹的差異最小。不同樹齡疏散分層形樹的座果率和果實分布密度也均明顯高于開心形,尤其是12、23年生疏散分層形樹的果實分布密度比開心形樹高幾倍到幾十倍,而47年生樹的差異不太明顯。
5 人工授粉明顯提高庫爾勒香梨的座果率,但萼片脫落與人工授粉之間沒有直接關(guān)系。在宏觀上,萼片脫落主要與樹勢有關(guān),營養(yǎng)生長較弱的庫爾勒香梨樹萼片脫落率較高;遮蔭下的葉片C/N顯著低于全光下葉片。在萼片離層形成期,庫爾勒香梨幼果萼端與萼片中的植物激素含量有所差異。與果實萼端相比,在脫萼果萼片中有較高的脫落酸、較低的生長素和赤霉素含量,宿萼果則相反。到6月份之前庫爾勒香梨宿萼果的萼片從環(huán)帶區(qū)下面剪除對宿萼果變成脫萼果有一定的效果。
6 粗皮果相關(guān)因子調(diào)查得知,粗皮果中花序全花都粗皮果的百分率為100%,而與光照強度強弱之間的相關(guān)性不顯著。與正常果和其鄰葉相比,粗皮果和其鄰葉中的K+、Mg2+、Fe2+、Zn2+含量的差異不顯著,而粗皮果中的Na+和鄰葉中的Ca2+含量明顯低于正常果和鄰葉。
關(guān)鍵詞:庫爾勒香梨;光能利用效率;宿萼果;脫萼果;粗皮果;果實品質(zhì)
Study on Light Use Efficiency and Related Factors with Calyx Fruit and Rough Fruit of Korla Fragrant Pear Tree
Abstract
Korla fragrant pear (Pyrus brestschneideri Rehd.) is belonging to Rosaceae, Pomaceae, Pyrus, is one famous special product among three special product of Xinjiang. With developing of fruit industry in Xinjiang, cultivating area and yield of Korla fragrant pear has been enlarged obviously. Meanwhile, the deterioration of fruit quality such as calyx fruit and rough pear has been increased gradually, and the increasing of fruit yield has basically depended on frequently using of chemical fertilizer and pesticides, the lowest proportion of improvement on orchard management level among stimulation measures has been influenced competition power of Korla fragrant pear in international fruit market. In this paper, Korla fragrant pear is used as experimental material, and the scientific best tree shape and leaf fruit ratio were filter out by comparing of the light use efficiency between open-center tree shape and evacuation layered tree shape, and proposed corresponding internal and external cause by analysing of the correlation between tree canopy light distribution with calyx or non-calyx pear and rough pear. Main results as follows:
1. Some significant difference was observed in photosynthetic characteristics between full-sunlight and shade leaves of Korla fragrant pear. With compared full-sunlight leaf, the shade leaves has been charactered by higher chlorophyll SPAD value (43.68, 45.13), lower light saturation (1404 μmol.m-2.s-1, 260 μmol.m-2.s-1), higher apparent quantum yield efficiency (0.0405、0.124), lower stomatal conductivity, lower transpiration rate, lower photosynthesis rate and higher intercellular CO2 concentration, Higher actual efficiency of PSⅡ photochemistry (ФPSⅡ), maximum quantum yield of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm) and electron transport rate (ETR) and lower non photochemical quenching coefficient.
2. The fruit longitudinal and transect diameter, average..