清華大學考研輔導強化班英語寫作講義


頁數(shù)：28 字數(shù)：13959



第一講　General Introduction(總記)

I. General Introduction (總論)
1. The Role of Writing (寫作的地位)
2. Requirements for Writing in the Exam (考試對寫作的要求)
II. Use of Language (語言的使用)
1. The use of words（選取最恰當?shù)脑~使表達生動鮮明、充實而有效）
1) 簡易常用詞和拼讀復雜詞
由于歷史的緣故，英語和北歐語、希臘語、意大利語和法語有著密切的聯(lián)系，由此出現(xiàn)許多外來詞。而這些外來詞在英語本語中往往可以找到同義或近義詞。一般來說，外來詞較長，拼寫與記憶較難，多用于正式文體，如政府文件、學術性著作、法律文書等，屬于拼讀復雜詞；本語詞拼寫較短，多用于日常寫作及會話，屬于簡易常用詞。從應試的角度來說，由于本語詞較短、易識別且使用頻率高，我們提倡多使用，這樣可以提高表達效率，使文章清楚明了，又可減少錯誤率。
Examples:
ask (本語) question(法語) interrogate (拉丁語)
2) 一般詞和具體詞
一般詞具有概括和抽象的特點，適于在段落之首提出主題思想和末尾總結概括。而具體詞可以使意思表達的更準確、生動和鮮明，適于展開主題。
Examples:
Plant: tree, bush, vegetable, flower, fruit
Vegetable: cabbage, turnip, carrots, onions, garlic, potatoes, cucumber, lettuce, cauliflower, pepper broccoli, eggplant, mushrooms, tomatoes
Fruit: apple, peach, pear, strawberry, grapes, orange, watermelon, pineapple, mango, bananas, kiwifruit, cherry, apricot
Walk: edge, limp, shuffle, trudge, trot, pace, stagger, toddle, stroll
Look: see, watch, observe, perceive, sight, spot scan, glance peer, stare, gaze, behold
Laugh: giggle, titter, chuckle, grin, guffaw
Cry: weep, sob, groan, wail, lament, whimper

第二講　寫作考試中一些常用詞
3）寫作考試中一些常用詞
*Although she is one of my friends, she strongly against my opinion.
*She is getting married in next month.
*His body is healthy.
*Children are dangerous when they play with matches.
*In one hand we should study hard, in other hand we should be independent by doing part-time jobs.
1) Such things do not happen every day. This is everyday occurrence.
2) The birds are flying high in the sky. The leader was highly respected by people.
3) The contemptible man is selfish and vain. There’s a contemptuous look on his face.
4) He is a respectable old man. He is respectful toward his teachers.
After the meeting they went back to their respective provinces.
5) She is desirous of seeing him again. He is the desirable man for the position.
6) Helping him is worthwhile. It is worthwhile helping him.
The novel is worth studying. The novel is worthy of careful study.
She has led a worthy life.
7) alive afraid alone alike ashamed asleep awake aware
8) economic economical healthy healthful imaginative imaginary beneficial beneficent
9) senior junior superior inferior prior posterior
10) The majority of, a great number of, a great many of
A great deal of, a great amount of, a bit of
A lot of, a quantity of, plenty of
11) See, look at, watch, observe, notice, perceive, hear, listen to, feel, make, let, bid, have
12) It’s surprising that neither the mother nor the children have prepared something for the Christmas party.
Mary as well as her sisters was very happy to visit their grandparents in the country.
　
2. Sentence (怎樣寫出地道流暢的句子)
1) 句子成分的一致性
*Swimming at the lake, Jim’s foot was cut by a rock.
*While smoking a pipe, my dog sat with me by the crackling fire.
*By planting different varieties of crops, the pests were unable to adapt.
*Seeing from the top of the hill, the city looks beautiful.
但，
Generally speaking, a native English speaker will find German easier than French.
To tell the truth, what she has done let us down.
Considering the circumstances, he has done a good job.
2) 分句間的邏輯關系及連貫性
*John had a drinking problem and he dropped out of school. (because)
*The employee is often late for work, and he writes illogical reports, and he is a poor manager, and he should be fired. (The employee should be fired because he is …)
*The test was hard, and the students were resentful, and their teacher was irritated. (Because the students resented the hard test, their teacher was irritated.)
*He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it did not seriously hurt him. (but was not seriously hurt.)
*Take your time, and you should be careful. (Take your time and be careful)
*I read the passage carefully, and several mistakes were found.

3）寫作考試中一些常用詞
*Although she is one of my friends, she strongly against my opinion.
*She is getting married in next month.
*His body is healthy.
*Children are dangerous when they play with matches.
*In one hand we should study hard, in other hand we should be independent by doing part-time jobs.
1) Such things do not happen every day. This is everyday occurrence.
2) The birds are flying high in the sky. The leader was highly respected by people.
3) The contemptible man is selfish and vain. There’s a contemptuous look on his face.
4) He is a respectable old man. He is respectful toward his teachers.
After the meeting they went back to their respective provinces.
5) She is desirous of seeing him again. He is the desirable man for the position.
6) Helping him is worthwhile. It is worthwhile helping him.
The novel is worth studying. The novel is worthy of careful study.
She has led a worthy life.
7) alive afraid alone alike ashamed asleep awake aware
8) economic economical healthy healthful imaginative imaginary beneficial beneficent
9) senior junior superior inferior prior posterior
10) The majority of, a great number of, a great many of
A great deal of, a great amount of, a bit of
A lot of, a quantity of, plenty of
11) See, look at, watch, observe, notice, perceive, hear, listen to, feel, make, let, bid, have
12) It’s surprising that neither the mother nor the children have prepared something for the Christmas party.
Mary as well as her sisters was very happy to visit their grandparents in the country.
　
2. Sentence (怎樣寫出地道流暢的句子)
1) 句子成分的一致性
*Swimming at the lake, Jim’s foot was cut by a rock.
*While smoking a pipe, my dog sat with me by the crackling fire.
*By planting different varieties of crops, the pests were unable to adapt.
*Seeing from the top of the hill, the city looks beautiful.
但，
Generally speaking, a native English speaker will find German easier than French.
To tell the truth, what she has done let us down.
Considering the circumstances, he has done a good job.
2) 分句間的邏輯關系及連貫性
*John had a drinking problem and he dropped out of school. (because)
*The employee is often late for work, and he writes illogical reports, and he is a poor manager, and he should be fired. (The employee should be fired because he is …)
*The test was hard, and the students were resentful, and their teacher was irritated. (Because the students resented the hard test, their teacher was irritated.)
*He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it did not seriously hurt him. (but was not seriously hurt.)
*Take your time, and you should be careful. (Take your time and be careful)
*I read the passage carefully, and several mistakes were found.

第三講　句子的完整性

3) 句子的完整性
*My father who is very kind, learned and helped me a lot in my life.
*They enjoy read