微處理化系統(tǒng)與軟件{外文翻譯}

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中文： 3275 字
英文： 10313 字符

一．微處理化系統(tǒng)介紹
廣義地說(shuō)，電子系統(tǒng)是用來(lái)處理信息的，這種信息可以是電話(huà)談話(huà)、儀器讀數(shù)或者是企業(yè)賬戶(hù)，但是各種情況都會(huì)有相同的操作：信息處理、存儲(chǔ)和傳送。在普通的電子設(shè)計(jì)中，這些操作都是以功能平臺(tái)方式組合起來(lái)的，例如計(jì)數(shù)器，無(wú)論是電子型的還是機(jī)械型的，都要存儲(chǔ)當(dāng)前值，并按要求將該值加1。諸如采用計(jì)數(shù)器的電子表之類(lèi)的任意系統(tǒng)要使其存儲(chǔ)和處理能力遍布整個(gè)系統(tǒng)，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)計(jì)數(shù)器都要存儲(chǔ)和處理一些數(shù)據(jù)。
目前微處理化系統(tǒng)與上述的常規(guī)方法不同，它將處理、存儲(chǔ)和傳輸三個(gè)功能隔離形成不同的系統(tǒng)單元。折中形成三個(gè)主要單元的分離方法是馮•諾依曼在20世紀(jì)40年代所設(shè)計(jì)出來(lái)的，并且是對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)的設(shè)想。從此幾乎所有制成的計(jì)算機(jī)都是采用這種結(jié)構(gòu)制造的，盡管包擴(kuò)寬廣的物理形式，從根本上說(shuō)他們是具有相同的基本設(shè)計(jì) ......



Systems Using Microprocessors And Software
1.Introduction to Systems Using Microprocessors
Electronic systems are used for handing information may be telephone conversation ,instrument reading or a company’s accounts,but in each case the same main tpes of operational are involvoed:theprocessing,storage and trabsmission of information.In conventional electronic design these operations are combined at the function level:for exampal a counter ,whetherelctronic or machanical,stores the current count and increments it by one as required.A system such as an electronic clock which employs counter is abie to store and process numbers.
Present day microproceeeor based systemdepart from this conventional approch by separating the three functions of processing,storage,and transmission into different sections of the system.this partioning into three main functions was devised by Von Neumann during the 1940s , and was not conceived especially for microcomputers. Almost every computer ever made has been designed with this structuer , and despite the enormous range in their qhysicai forms, they have all been of essentially the same basic design.
In a microprocessor based system the procesing will be performed in the microprocessor itself .the storage will be by meanss of memory circuits and the communication of information into and out of the system will be by means of special input/output (I/O) circuits. It would be impossible to identify a particular piece of hardware which performed the counting in a microprocessor based clock because the time would be stored in he memory and incremented at regular intervals by the microprocessor ,However , the software which defined the ......