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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文 計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò))外文資料翻譯,外文出處: the history of the internet外文原文the history of the internetthe beginning - arpanetthe internet started as a project by the us government. the object of the...
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外文出處: The History of the Internet
外文原文
The History of the Internet
The Beginning - ARPAnet
The Internet started as a project by the US government. The object of the project was to create a means of communications between long distance points, in the event of a nation wide emergency or, more specifically, nuclear war. The project was called ARPAnet, and it is what the Internet started as. Funded specifically for military communication, the engineers responsible for ARPANet had no idea of the possibilities of an "Internet."
By definition, an 'Internet' is four or more computers connected by a network.
ARPAnet achieved its network by using a protocol called TCP/IP. The basics around this protocol was that if information sent over a network failed to get through on one route, it would find another route to work with, as well as establishing a means for one computer to "talk" to another computer, regardless of whether it was a PC or a Macintosh.
By the 80's ARPAnet, just years away from becoming the more well known Internet, had 200 computers. The Defense Department, satisfied with ARPAnets results, decided to fully adopt it into service, and connected many military computers and resources into the network. ARPAnet then had 562 computers on its network. By the year 1984, it had over 1000 computers on its network.
In 1986 ARPAnet (supposedly) shut down, but only the organization shut
外文資料翻譯譯文
Internet的歷史
起源——ARPAnet
Internet是被美國(guó)政府作為一項(xiàng)工程進(jìn)行開(kāi)發(fā)的。這項(xiàng)工程的目的,是為了建立遠(yuǎn)距離之間點(diǎn)與點(diǎn)的通信,以便處理國(guó)家軍事范圍內(nèi)的緊急事件,例如核戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。這項(xiàng)工程被命名為ARPAnet,它就是Internet的前身。建立此工程的主要應(yīng)用對(duì)象就是軍事通訊,那些負(fù)責(zé)ARPAnet的工程師們當(dāng)時(shí)也沒(méi)有想到它將成為“Internet”。
根據(jù)定義,一個(gè)“Internet”應(yīng)該由四或者更多的計(jì)算機(jī)連接起來(lái)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
ARPAnet是通過(guò)一種叫TCP/IP的協(xié)議實(shí)現(xiàn)連網(wǎng)工作的。此協(xié)議最基礎(chǔ)的工作原理是:如果信息在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的一條路徑發(fā)送失敗,那么它將找到其他路徑進(jìn)行發(fā)送,就好象建立一種語(yǔ)言以便一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)與其他計(jì)算機(jī)“交談”一樣,但不注意它是PC,或是Macintosh。
…………
1、用戶計(jì)算機(jī)撥號(hào)進(jìn)入ISP。而此ISP可能還要連接入其他ISP,或是直接進(jìn)入Internet主干。
2、用戶打開(kāi)網(wǎng)頁(yè)瀏覽器如NETSCAPE或是IE。
3、接下來(lái)是進(jìn)入Internet的棘手部分。首先,用戶計(jì)算機(jī)相路由器發(fā)出請(qǐng)求。路由器是一種高速高效的計(jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)行的專門(mén)軟件。世界上所有路由的連接便形成了Internet的主干,在這里傳送Internet上的所有數(shù)據(jù)。目前主干網(wǎng)上的處理速度為每秒幾千兆字節(jié)。這樣的速度分配到一只MODEM上,就好比太陽(yáng)光的熱量分配到一塊冰上的熱量一樣。
4、路由器發(fā)送或接受數(shù)據(jù)。它將一小段數(shù)據(jù)分別打包,形成數(shù)據(jù)報(bào),就像包裹一樣。因此,當(dāng)請(qǐng)求網(wǎng)頁(yè)瀏覽是,就用TCP/IP協(xié)議告訴路由器如何處理這些數(shù)據(jù),將這些數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送去哪里,用戶主要想去哪里。
5、路由器將這些數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)發(fā)送給其他的路由器,最終轉(zhuǎn)到目標(biāo)主機(jī)上。就像傳耳語(yǔ)的游戲一樣(當(dāng)然,只有完整的信息才能被傳送)。
6、當(dāng)信息到達(dá)目標(biāo)網(wǎng)頁(yè)的服務(wù)器是,服務(wù)器就開(kāi)始將網(wǎng)頁(yè)信息發(fā)送回去。一臺(tái)網(wǎng)頁(yè)服務(wù)器,就是網(wǎng)頁(yè)存儲(chǔ)所在的計(jì)算機(jī),它能對(duì)網(wǎng)頁(yè)進(jìn)行編輯,并將它發(fā)送給用戶。網(wǎng)頁(yè)被分成數(shù)據(jù)報(bào),通過(guò)路由器,最終到達(dá)用戶計(jì)算機(jī),這樣,用戶就能瀏覽網(wǎng)頁(yè)了。數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)中含有相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)以及一些必須的信息讓路由器或其他計(jì)算機(jī)知道如何將數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)按正確的順序重新組裝成原始的數(shù)據(jù)段。
有了成千上萬(wàn)的網(wǎng)頁(yè)和成千上萬(wàn)的用戶,對(duì)于初學(xué)者來(lái)說(shuō)使用Internet將不再那么容易,尤其是那些不太精通電腦的人。接下來(lái),你將能找到一些上網(wǎng)的小技巧和使用Internet主要服務(wù)的幫助。
在你打開(kāi)網(wǎng)頁(yè)之前,你必須有一個(gè)網(wǎng)頁(yè)瀏覽器用于瀏覽網(wǎng)頁(yè)。大部分網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)商都會(huì)給用戶提供一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器。當(dāng)你在瀏覽網(wǎng)頁(yè)時(shí),其實(shí)就是在使用瀏覽器。目前使用最廣泛的網(wǎng)頁(yè)瀏覽器是Netscape和MSIE。Netscape能自動(dòng)連接到www.netscape.com,MSIE能自動(dòng)連接www.microsoft.com。
接下來(lái)你就必須熟悉如何使用網(wǎng)頁(yè)。網(wǎng)頁(yè)是超鏈接、圖片、文本、表格、按鈕以及多媒體的集合。只需點(diǎn)擊網(wǎng)頁(yè)提供的連接或是按照網(wǎng)頁(yè)……
……
……
共21頁(yè)
外文原文
The History of the Internet
The Beginning - ARPAnet
The Internet started as a project by the US government. The object of the project was to create a means of communications between long distance points, in the event of a nation wide emergency or, more specifically, nuclear war. The project was called ARPAnet, and it is what the Internet started as. Funded specifically for military communication, the engineers responsible for ARPANet had no idea of the possibilities of an "Internet."
By definition, an 'Internet' is four or more computers connected by a network.
ARPAnet achieved its network by using a protocol called TCP/IP. The basics around this protocol was that if information sent over a network failed to get through on one route, it would find another route to work with, as well as establishing a means for one computer to "talk" to another computer, regardless of whether it was a PC or a Macintosh.
By the 80's ARPAnet, just years away from becoming the more well known Internet, had 200 computers. The Defense Department, satisfied with ARPAnets results, decided to fully adopt it into service, and connected many military computers and resources into the network. ARPAnet then had 562 computers on its network. By the year 1984, it had over 1000 computers on its network.
In 1986 ARPAnet (supposedly) shut down, but only the organization shut
外文資料翻譯譯文
Internet的歷史
起源——ARPAnet
Internet是被美國(guó)政府作為一項(xiàng)工程進(jìn)行開(kāi)發(fā)的。這項(xiàng)工程的目的,是為了建立遠(yuǎn)距離之間點(diǎn)與點(diǎn)的通信,以便處理國(guó)家軍事范圍內(nèi)的緊急事件,例如核戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。這項(xiàng)工程被命名為ARPAnet,它就是Internet的前身。建立此工程的主要應(yīng)用對(duì)象就是軍事通訊,那些負(fù)責(zé)ARPAnet的工程師們當(dāng)時(shí)也沒(méi)有想到它將成為“Internet”。
根據(jù)定義,一個(gè)“Internet”應(yīng)該由四或者更多的計(jì)算機(jī)連接起來(lái)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
ARPAnet是通過(guò)一種叫TCP/IP的協(xié)議實(shí)現(xiàn)連網(wǎng)工作的。此協(xié)議最基礎(chǔ)的工作原理是:如果信息在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的一條路徑發(fā)送失敗,那么它將找到其他路徑進(jìn)行發(fā)送,就好象建立一種語(yǔ)言以便一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)與其他計(jì)算機(jī)“交談”一樣,但不注意它是PC,或是Macintosh。
…………
1、用戶計(jì)算機(jī)撥號(hào)進(jìn)入ISP。而此ISP可能還要連接入其他ISP,或是直接進(jìn)入Internet主干。
2、用戶打開(kāi)網(wǎng)頁(yè)瀏覽器如NETSCAPE或是IE。
3、接下來(lái)是進(jìn)入Internet的棘手部分。首先,用戶計(jì)算機(jī)相路由器發(fā)出請(qǐng)求。路由器是一種高速高效的計(jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)行的專門(mén)軟件。世界上所有路由的連接便形成了Internet的主干,在這里傳送Internet上的所有數(shù)據(jù)。目前主干網(wǎng)上的處理速度為每秒幾千兆字節(jié)。這樣的速度分配到一只MODEM上,就好比太陽(yáng)光的熱量分配到一塊冰上的熱量一樣。
4、路由器發(fā)送或接受數(shù)據(jù)。它將一小段數(shù)據(jù)分別打包,形成數(shù)據(jù)報(bào),就像包裹一樣。因此,當(dāng)請(qǐng)求網(wǎng)頁(yè)瀏覽是,就用TCP/IP協(xié)議告訴路由器如何處理這些數(shù)據(jù),將這些數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送去哪里,用戶主要想去哪里。
5、路由器將這些數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)發(fā)送給其他的路由器,最終轉(zhuǎn)到目標(biāo)主機(jī)上。就像傳耳語(yǔ)的游戲一樣(當(dāng)然,只有完整的信息才能被傳送)。
6、當(dāng)信息到達(dá)目標(biāo)網(wǎng)頁(yè)的服務(wù)器是,服務(wù)器就開(kāi)始將網(wǎng)頁(yè)信息發(fā)送回去。一臺(tái)網(wǎng)頁(yè)服務(wù)器,就是網(wǎng)頁(yè)存儲(chǔ)所在的計(jì)算機(jī),它能對(duì)網(wǎng)頁(yè)進(jìn)行編輯,并將它發(fā)送給用戶。網(wǎng)頁(yè)被分成數(shù)據(jù)報(bào),通過(guò)路由器,最終到達(dá)用戶計(jì)算機(jī),這樣,用戶就能瀏覽網(wǎng)頁(yè)了。數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)中含有相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)以及一些必須的信息讓路由器或其他計(jì)算機(jī)知道如何將數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)按正確的順序重新組裝成原始的數(shù)據(jù)段。
有了成千上萬(wàn)的網(wǎng)頁(yè)和成千上萬(wàn)的用戶,對(duì)于初學(xué)者來(lái)說(shuō)使用Internet將不再那么容易,尤其是那些不太精通電腦的人。接下來(lái),你將能找到一些上網(wǎng)的小技巧和使用Internet主要服務(wù)的幫助。
在你打開(kāi)網(wǎng)頁(yè)之前,你必須有一個(gè)網(wǎng)頁(yè)瀏覽器用于瀏覽網(wǎng)頁(yè)。大部分網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)商都會(huì)給用戶提供一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器。當(dāng)你在瀏覽網(wǎng)頁(yè)時(shí),其實(shí)就是在使用瀏覽器。目前使用最廣泛的網(wǎng)頁(yè)瀏覽器是Netscape和MSIE。Netscape能自動(dòng)連接到www.netscape.com,MSIE能自動(dòng)連接www.microsoft.com。
接下來(lái)你就必須熟悉如何使用網(wǎng)頁(yè)。網(wǎng)頁(yè)是超鏈接、圖片、文本、表格、按鈕以及多媒體的集合。只需點(diǎn)擊網(wǎng)頁(yè)提供的連接或是按照網(wǎng)頁(yè)……
……
……
共21頁(yè)
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