產(chǎn)品仿制，產(chǎn)品的差異化和國(guó)際貿(mào)易(外文翻譯)

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中文： 1900 字
英文： 5800字符


當(dāng)兩家公司的進(jìn)入和銷(xiāo)售在兩個(gè)相互依存的市場(chǎng)，但是產(chǎn)生有貿(mào)易壁壘時(shí)，本文使用霍特林方針產(chǎn)品差別化模型，推導(dǎo)了平衡產(chǎn)品配置和價(jià)格。這表
明，不管產(chǎn)品仿制，沒(méi)有貿(mào)易還是產(chǎn)品差異化與雙向或單向的貿(mào)易都是符合平衡的。

1. 簡(jiǎn)介
在英國(guó)不列顛哥倫比亞省，有幾個(gè)小釀造廠明確表明他們所生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品是“根據(jù)1516年巴伐利亞純度法釀造”，從而模仿德國(guó)啤酒的屬性。與此相反，鐘表業(yè)常常盡力將它們的產(chǎn)品與其它同類(lèi)產(chǎn)品區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)（例如斯沃琪）。啤酒釀造商可以選擇分化，和制定出特殊的口味和制作程序。我的模型表明，選擇仿制和分化是由于存在運(yùn)輸成本和關(guān)稅。他們?cè)诓涣蓄嵏鐐惐葋喪√岣叩聡?guó)啤酒的價(jià)格，從而影響到國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)的地理位置。事實(shí)上，加拿大對(duì)歐洲啤酒收取的關(guān)稅非常高，因?yàn)樗蠹s是國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)品的零售價(jià)百分之三十（環(huán)球郵報(bào)1993年）。但是在某些行業(yè)，比如鐘表業(yè)，由于對(duì)有關(guān)的產(chǎn)品的單位價(jià)值的保護(hù)和產(chǎn)品運(yùn)輸成本過(guò)低，從而使得產(chǎn)品實(shí)施合法的模仿并不是有利可圖。
本文研究對(duì)產(chǎn)品屬性的選擇，是根據(jù)橫向分化國(guó)際貿(mào)易的模型。這表明，產(chǎn)品模仿是貿(mào)易保護(hù)和國(guó)際運(yùn)輸成本的自然結(jié)果。然而，該模型超越這些例子。我的目標(biāo)是獲得國(guó)際產(chǎn)品配置，而不是像小釀造廠的例子那樣，簡(jiǎn)單的選擇一個(gè)新公司的位置。在此模型中......




Using the Hotelling approach to product differentiation, this article derives
the equilibrium product configurations and prices when two firms enter and
sell in two interdependent markets separated by barriers to trade. It shows that
product imitation and no trade as well as product differentiation with two-way
or one-way trade are all consistent with the equilibrium.


1. INTRODUCTION
In British Columbia, several microbrewers explicitly indicate on their products that they are ''brewed according to the Bavarian purity laws of 1516,'' imitating thereby a product attribute of German beers. In contrast, firms in the watch industry often go out of their way to differentiate their products (for instance the Swatch). Beers brewers could have chosen differentiation and develop a specific taste or process. My model suggests that the choice between imitation and differentiation is determined by the existence of transport costs and tariffs. They increase the price of German beers in British Columbia and, thus, affect the location decision of domestic firms. Indeed, the Canadian duty on European beers is high since it is approximately 30 percent of the retail price of domestic products (Globeand Mail 1993). In the watch industry, protection and transport costs are too low with respect to the unit value of the product for legal imitation to be profitable ......