稅制優(yōu)惠對(duì)金融危機(jī)的影響[外文翻譯]
英文：16234字
中文：5049字


Tax Incentives as Crisis Response

Georgi Angelov and Simeon Djankov



Abstract Many countries are contemplating stimulus packages as a response to the deepening economic crisis. This paper discusses the benefits of tax reform as a crisis-response measure. It provides a calculation of the benefits of such reform, taking as example the reduction of payroll taxes in Bulgaria. We also estimate the costs in terms of foregone revenue. We find that a reform to reduce the payroll tax by 7.5 percentage points, from 31.3% to 23.8%, would result in 130,000 jobs been created or saved, and a 0.5% increase in annual GDP growth. Taking the static and dynamic effects of such reform into account, the cost would amount to 0.63% of GDP. The reform has three additional benefits. First, it is not subject to corruption: the government is not in a position to distribute largesse as under a fiscal expansion program. Second, it works as a direct stimulus - every business and worker in the formal economy gets the benefit. Third, tax reform is quick to implement and can have immediate effects.



稅制優(yōu)惠對(duì)金融危機(jī)的影響
Georgi Angelov and Simeon Djankov

摘要：許多國(guó)家正在考慮通過(guò)一攬子的刺激計(jì)劃以應(yīng)對(duì)逐步惡化的金融危機(jī)。本文主要討論了應(yīng)用稅制改革來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)金融危機(jī)的好處。文中提供了若干數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)表明改革所帶來(lái)的益處。例如保加利亞在減低工資稅方面的改革。同時(shí)，我們就收入損失方面估算了所需的開(kāi)支。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果將工資稅調(diào)低7.5%，即從31.3%調(diào)低到23.8%，那么改革就將創(chuàng)造或保留13萬(wàn)工作崗位，同時(shí)使GDP每年增長(zhǎng)0.5%。如果同時(shí)考慮到靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)影響，那么改革的成本是GDP的0.63%。但是，改革將會(huì)帶來(lái)三個(gè)方面的好處。首先，改革不會(huì)受到腐敗的影響，因?yàn)樵谪?cái)政擴(kuò)張的情況下，政府無(wú)權(quán)進(jìn)行慷慨派發(fā)。第二，它作為一種直接刺激，每一個(gè)在正規(guī)經(jīng)濟(jì)中的企業(yè)和勞動(dòng)者都會(huì)從中受益。第三，稅制改革的實(shí)施和收效都是很迅速的。
導(dǎo)論
許多國(guó)家正在考慮通過(guò)一攬子的刺激計(jì)劃以應(yīng)對(duì)逐步惡化的金融危機(jī)。這也激發(fā)了一個(gè)長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)的辯論：政府是應(yīng)該側(cè)重于財(cái)政擴(kuò)張還是稅收鼓勵(lì)？有些國(guó)家的提案將兩項(xiàng)都包含在內(nèi)。例如德國(guó) ，英國(guó)和美國(guó)。但是即使在這些國(guó)家，對(duì)于財(cái)政和稅收刺激到底怎樣組合才是正確的也存在著激烈的討論。
財(cái)政擴(kuò)張作為應(yīng)對(duì)危機(jī)的手段之一是很有意義的，因?yàn)樗繕?biāo)明確。例如在低技能工作中，最明顯的財(cái)政擴(kuò)張是在一些基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目中表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的——它可以創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，而且效果是顯而易見(jiàn)的。從一定意義上說(shuō)，政府正在給予一定的回應(yīng)。