在臺(tái)灣提高香煙稅對(duì)香煙消費(fèi)稅的影響[外文翻譯]

中文：6473字
英文：35818字

在臺(tái)灣提高香煙稅對(duì)香煙消費(fèi)稅的影響

摘要：本研究評(píng)估了5新臺(tái)幣（新臺(tái)幣5元）健康和福利稅對(duì)國(guó)產(chǎn)和進(jìn)口香煙和雪茄的消費(fèi)增加的影響。
方法：采用1971年出版至2000年的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字，我們成立了統(tǒng)計(jì)（哥倫比亞廣播公司）的需求模型為基礎(chǔ)的中央局模型來(lái)估計(jì)價(jià)格，香煙和雪茄支出彈性系數(shù)。
結(jié)果：我們的研究結(jié)果顯示，在國(guó)產(chǎn)和進(jìn)口香煙的價(jià)格彈性系數(shù)分別為-0.644和-0.822。 對(duì)進(jìn)口卷煙消費(fèi)量減少了人均7.51包，以及國(guó)內(nèi)的香煙消費(fèi)量由15.21人均包減少。 占人均香煙消費(fèi)量減少了22.72總包（18％）。
結(jié)論：從公共健康和經(jīng)濟(jì)的角度來(lái)看，在這次煙草消費(fèi)稅增加對(duì)臺(tái)灣政府在減少香煙消費(fèi)量有顯著影響，它也會(huì)帶來(lái)額外的稅收收入。
 
關(guān)鍵詞：消費(fèi)稅  價(jià)格彈性稅

Corporate Governance, Monitoring and the Ownership Structure of the Firm: an Overview
Paolo Pasquariello

New York University-Stern School of Business

Abstract：This paper provides an overview of the most recent attempts by the literature to explain the relationship between Corporate Control considerations, monitoring costs and the ownership structure resulting from a public offering. The empirical evidence currently available is analyzed.  Two main theoretical paradigm as are identified and described. The “normative” approach tries to specify the market mechanism by which a previously privately held company becomes public as the device to cope with heterogeneity of investors, market-segmentation and the relationship between informed and uninformed trading, departing from the more general competitive Walrasian-type offering process. The “monitoring” approach, while maintaining the more traditional competitive structure for the capital markets, faces more explicitly the issue of corporate control, and the trade-off between monitoring, liquidity and risk-sharing as the main determinant of a large investor’s decision about whether to “raid” a company or not. The main results of the literature are explored and directions for future research are suggested.